You Can Fiddle With Your BMW or Porsche From an Apple Watch

Automakers are jumping on the Apple Watch app wagon.

This is to be expected. After all, it’s common to see luxury cars connected to the cloud through iOS and Android apps that let you do things like unlock your ride, keep track of routine maintenance and even find the damn thing in the parking lot. Everyone from Alfa to Volvo offers smartphone apps these days.

But the Apple Watch shipped Friday, providing a new platform for the tech-obsessed (and the automakers eager to woo them) to embrace. And so Porsche and BMW released Watch apps that keep the well-heeled from having to dig out their phones to make sure they locked the car.
P15_0489_a5_rgb_inline Porsche

The Watch apps offer much the same functionality as smartphone apps, but from your wrist. Porsche’s Car Connect lets owners track travel time, distance driven, average speed and fuel use. It’ll also alert you if the doors are unlocked, or the drop-top is down. It even lets you fold in the exterior mirrors from afar, because why not? Owners of plug-in hybrid Porsches (yes, they exist, and they’re pretty sweet, actually) can track the car’s state of charge and turn on the climate control to cool (or warm) the interior while the car’s still plugged into the wall.

Wondering how much gas you’ve got in the tank? Or the best route back to your car in an enormous parking lot? Want to flash the lights? Done. Just check your wrist and fiddle with that cool Digital Crown. It’s pretty much the same story and features with the Watch app BMW’s got, but that one’s limited to the electric i3 and (amazingly awesome) plug-in hybrid i8.

Knowing how much gas you’ve got left in your Porsche 911 or how much juice is in your i8 is all fine and well, but if the automakers wanted to make their Watch apps truly helpful, they’d have them warn you when Johnny Law is closing in…

Turns Out Satellites Work Great for Mapping Earthquakes

Skip to story Satellite radar image of the magnitude 6.0 South Napa earthquake.Satellite radar image of the magnitude 6.0 South Napa earthquake. European Space Agency

The Nepal earthquake on Saturday devastated the region and killed over 2,500 people, with more casualties mounting across four different countries. The first 24 hours of a disaster are the most important, and first-responders scramble to get as much information about the energy and geological effects of earthquakes as they can. Seismometers can help illustrate the location and magnitude of earthquakes around the world, but for more precise detail, you need to look at three-dimensional models of the ground’s physical displacement.

The easiest way to characterize that moving and shaking is with GPS and satellite data, together called geodetic data. That information is already used by earthquake researchers and geologists around the world to study the earth’s tectonic plate movements—long-term trends that establish themselves over years. But now, researchers at the University of Iowa and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have shown a faster way to use geodetic data to assess fault lines, turning over reports in as little as a day to help guide rapid responses to catastrophic quakes.

Normally, earthquake disaster aid and emergency response requires detailed information about surface movements: If responders know how much ground is displaced, they’ll know better what kind of infrastructure damage to expect, or what areas pose the greatest risk to citizens. Yet emergency response agencies don’t use geodetic data immediately, choosing instead to wait several days or even weeks before finally processing the data, says University of Iowa geologist William Barnhart. By then, the damage has been done and crews are already on the ground, with relief efforts well underway.
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The new results are evidence that first responders can get satellite data fast enough to inform how they should respond. Barnhart and his team used geodetic data to measure small deformations in the surface caused by an 6.0-magnitude quake that hit Napa Valley in August 2014 (the biggest the Bay Area had seen in 25 years). By analyzing those measurements, the geologists determined how much the ground moved with relation to the fault plane, which helps describe the exact location, orientation, and dimensions of the entire fault.

Then they created the Technicolor map above, showing just how much the ground shifted. In this so-called interferogram of the Napa earthquake epicenter, the cycles of color represent vertical ground displacement, where every full cycle indicates 6 centimeters (e.g. between every green band is 6 cm of vertical ground).
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According to the Barnhart, this is the first demonstration of geodetic data being acquired and analyzed the same day of an earthquake. John Langbein, a geologist at the USGS, finds the results very encouraging, and hopes to see geodetic data used regularly as a tool to make earthquake responses faster and more efficient.

Barnhart is quick to point out that this method is only meant for moderate earthquakes (between magnitudes of 5.5 and 7.0). Although the Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 7.8, over 35 aftershocks continued to rock the region, including one as high as 6.7 on Sunday. The earthquake itself flattened broad swaths of the capital city of Kathmandu, and caused avalanches across the Himalayan mountains (including Mount Everest), killing and stranding many climbers. But the aftershocks are stymieing relief efforts, paralyzing citizens with immobilizing fear, and creating new avalanches in nearby mountains.

It’s also worth remembering that the 2010 earthquake that devastated Haiti—and killed about 316,000 people—had a magnitude of 7.0. Most areas of the world, especially developing nations, aren’t equipped to withstand even small tremors in the earth. It’s those places that are also likely to have fewer seismometers, making the satellite information even more helpful.

As the situation in Nepal moves forward, the aftermath might hopefully speed up plans to make geodetic data available just hours after an earthquake occurs. Satellite systems could be integral in allowing first responders to move swiftly in the face of unpredictable, unpreventable events.

Google Faces Enormous Forces In Fight Over the Future of Android

Google and its Android mobile phone operating system are facing an antitrust investigation in Europe. But the roots of the probe stretch across the Atlantic and well into the past.

In 2010, enterprise software giant Oracle sued Google over the way Android made use of the Java programming language. Oracle had assumed control of Java a year earlier, after purchasing one-time tech powerhouse Sun Microsystems, and its suit claimed that Google had infringed on Java-related patents and copyrights. But the case turned up documents that would help spark a very different investigation in the Europe.

The trial revealed various contracts in which Google required phone makers to bundle certain Google services when using its Android operating system, such as Google Search, Google Maps, and the Google app store (a.k.a. Google Play)—and bundle them at the expense of other services from third parties. These contracts—which had been discussed in the press and behind closed doors for years—became the basis for an antitrust complaint brought to the EU by FairSearch, a consortium of companies that includes Oracle, Microsoft, Nokia, and many others, alleging that Google’s Android practices are anti-competitive.

“One way in which this case was helped forward was the trial between Oracle and Google,” says Dieter Paemen, a Brussels-based lawyer with the multi-national law firm Clifford Chance, who represents FairSearch and was part of the team that filed the complaint in the EU. “The core evidence comes—originally—from there.”

Paeman and FairSearch filed their complaint in April 2013. A Portuguese company called Aptoide lodged an additional complaint more than a year later. And this month, the European Commission announced that it’s opening a formal investigation into Android, indicating that it’s probing the kinds of contracts that surfaced during the Oracle trial.

Google denies any wrongdoing. “Anyone can use Android without Google and anyone can use Google without Android,” a company spokesman tells us. “Since Android’s introduction, greater competition in the smartphone market has given consumers more and better choices.” And it points out that the United States Federal Trade Commission and the Korean Fair Trade Commission have examined Google’s agreements around Android and did not sanction the company.

Nonetheless, enormous–and enormously complex—forces that have gathered against Google in Europe. The ties to the Google-Oracle only begin to show the scope of this battle. As the commission investigates Android—nudged by Oracle, Microsoft, Aptoide, and others—it has issued a formal statement of objections against Google’s search practices, which could lead to penalties against the company later this year. A much longer list of rivals, including many of big German online publishers as well as U.S companies such as a Yelp, Expedia, and TripAdvisor, are pushing for changes in other Google services that threaten the core of Google’s mobile business model. And the various threads running through these cases reinforce each other in so many ways.

It’s the EU’s biggest antitrust action against an American tech company since it levied charged against Microsoft and its Windows operating system in 2000, which eventually resulted in huge fines for the company and notable changes to its technology. This time, the tables have turned, but the case is playing out in similar ways. Like the Microsoft case before it, the Google Android case is about bundling applications with an operating systems (though the arguments are somewhat more complicated because Android is open source). And according to some, it could also result in large fines or remedies or both.

It’s telling that before serving the Microsoft-backed coalition that brought a complaint against Google, Paeman was part of the legal team that fought against Microsoft the last time around. At one point, he fought against Microsoft on behalf of Oracle. This time around, many of the positions have changed. But the stakes are just as high. And the forces are just as strong.

‘The Android Case Is More Conventional

The EU’s search case is closer to completion. After five years of investigation and a formal statement of objections, the commission could issue a remedy by the end of the year. But according to Paul Lugard, a Brussels-based antitrust lawyer with the multi-national firm Baker Botts, who has no connection to the many companies involves in this legal melee, the Android case may be the greater threat to Google. “The competitive harm is a little bit easier to establish than in the search case,” he says. “The Android case is more conventional.”

American regulators haven’t pursued action against Google in this area, but as Lugard says, the burden of proof in such cases isn’t as high in Europe as in the U.S. “The process in Europe is more formalistic and less economics-effects driven than in the U.S,” he says. In other words, the EU doesn’t have to work as hard to show that consumers and competitors have been harmed.

Because the commission has now opened a formal investigation—after a long informal investigation, so to speak—the chances are good that regulators issue a statement of objections involving Android, according to Lugard. It should be noted, however, the search case dragged on for five years before a formal statement of objections arrived.

The End Result

The search case—and the Java trial in the States—have also shown that Google’s rivals are intent on fighting for remedies for years on end. At one point, the search case seemed close to a settlement, but many Google competitors continued to push for something more. And many of the same names are behind the push against Android, including Microsoft, Oracle, and Foundem, the tiny UK company that filed the first search complaint against Google.

The forces mounting against Google are sometimes difficult to understand. What is Oracle’s interest in services bundled on Android? It’s a company that sells databases and computer servers. But these forces are enormous, and whatever their motivations, their case—as Lugard says—has some teeth to it.

What is the end result? If the commission does crack down on Android, we may see a large fine against the company, Logan says. Or we may see a dissolution of those Google contracts with handset makers. That may be the biggest threat to Google. Googles doesn’t make money from Android. It makes money from the ad-driven services that run atop the OS. And with Oracle, Microsoft, and so many others pushing so hard, those services may lose at least part of their foothold.

Location Is Your Most Critical Data, and Everyone’s Watching

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A few years ago, one foolproof way of saving the battery on you phone was to turn off GPS. You didn’t really need it. At most, it was an added convenience in a few apps.

But it’s time to turn GPS back on. Your location has become one of the best things about your phone, your smartwatch, and every other connected device you carry. Our tech is learning to adapt to us, nestling into every aspect of our lives so it is more responsive, more useful, and more intuitive. This is awesome, and it’s happening because of three things: location, location, location.

Your phone’s ability to pinpoint your exact location and use that info to deliver services—a meal, a ride, a tip, a coupon—is reason for excitement. But this world of always-on GPS raises questions about what happens to our data. How much privacy are we willing to surrender? What can these services learn about our activities? What keeps detailed maps of our lives from being sold to the highest bidder? These have been issues as long as we’ve had cellphones, but they are more pressing than ever.

Follow Me

One frigid and rainy winter day in New York City a few months ago, I sat in Foursquare’s SoHo office as CEO Dennis Crowley drew dots on a whiteboard. He was explaining Foursquare’s “shapes,” the polygonal map of the world Foursquare has built to accurately and automatically locate you. It uses GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth to determine where you are, then maps your coordinates and sensor readouts to a real place. (There really is good reason your phone tells you to leave Wi-Fi on to improve location accuracy.) Through years of recording this data alongside check-ins, Foursquare can figure out whether you’re inside the coffee shop or just walking by, or whether you’re on the first floor or the seventh. It doesn’t need you to input where you are; it already knows, and can offer you tips, deals, and ads to match. Foursquare is as much a data company as a mayor-maker now.

I moved to San Francisco three weeks ago, and Foursquare’s invisible tracking beam has been an amazing asset for learning the city. When I walk into a new restaurant, my phone dings with a suggestion for something to try. When I get off the Muni (inevitably in the wrong place because SF’s public transit system is a nightmare hellride of trains that never go where they’re supposed to), a Foursquare notification offers a couple of places nearby where I might drown my sorrows in a beer. I’m never stuck, even when I’m lost.

Imagine life without Tinder's deity-like knowledge of who's both ready to hook up and only half a mile away.

Apps used to just provide a record of your whereabouts alongside a photo or a check-in. Now, they’re using your location to tailor the experience not just to you, but to right now. Dark Sky, a terrific weather app for iOS, sends you a notification if it’s going to rain—and tells you how long it’ll be until the first drops fall on your head. If you fire up Snapchat at Coachella, you’re going to get different filters and different content, and it’s going to be about indie rock, EDM, and casual drug use. Oh, and try to imagine life without Tinder’s deity-like knowledge of who’s ready to hook up and only half a mile away.

“Context is the new black,” says Aparna Chennapragada, head of product for Google Now. The app, built into Android phones, probably is the best example thus far of the power of location: It can do things like dig up your boarding pass when you get to the airport, or remind you about your meeting at exactly the moment you need to leave. “In the past, in the desktop-web world, If I wanted to know something, I’d actually have to go spell the damn thing out,”Chennapragada says. You go to Google.com, type in a bunch of keywords, “and then there’s a bunch of links and potentially some useful information that I have to wade through.” But Google found that users have certain needs at certain times. And they’re pretty predictable. When you’re at the airport, you’re probably looking for a terminal map, flight times, or a place to eat. When she was at Disney World, Chennapragada remembers wanting to know what rides to go on, “so I don’t get FOMO. But what are the wait times? How do I make the decisions on what to do next?” Rather than make you dig for that information, Google Now just shows it to you.

The whole goal of Android Wear or the Apple Watch is to quickly offer information you need, without making you bury your face in a screen for minutes at a time. These quick bursts of useful info appear on the screen automatically. They are the interface. Collecting contextual data like location lets Google, Apple, and others figure out what you’re likely to need right now, and deliver it to you front and center.

Powerful location-tracking also is unlocking entirely new kinds of tech. Detour, the new audio-tour app from Groupon founder Andrew Mason, uses your location to lead you on a walk through San Francisco literally step by step, building by building.

“We have Detours where you’re walking past a fish shop,” Mason says, “and we want to tell you in the two seconds, the three-meter width as you’re going past the fish shop, to look at the turtles.”

The difference between that and museums, where you walk up to the painting and press a button to hear its story, is the difference between location today and location only a few years ago. “Other than being practical,” Mason says, “it’s just this surreal, magical thing—you’re still aware of the fact that you’re interacting with a robot, and it must’ve known, somehow, exactly where you were. It feels very cool.” Hours before we spoke, I was standing on top of a bank building in San Francisco’s financial district, in a secret garden Detour’s narrator had led me to through hidden doors and shopping malls. It really does feel like magic.

Retracing Steps

Location-tracking lets developers build fast, useful, personalized apps. They’re enticing, but they come with tradeoffs: your gadgets and apps maintain a log of where you’ve been and what you’re doing, and more of them than you think are sharing that data with others.

It’s going to advertisers, mostly, so they can lure you into the Starbucks a block away or the merch tent at Coachella. It’s as creepy as any other targeted marketing, but most of us have come to accept that it comes with the territory. Jennifer Lynch, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, says it goes deeper. Your data might get sold to your credit reporting agency, which wants to know more about you as it determines your credit score. It might go to your insurance company, which is very interested in your whereabouts. It might be subpoenaed by the government, for just about any reason. Maybe none of that is happening. Maybe all of it is. There’s really no way for us to know.

Your gadgets now keep a log of where you've been, and more of them than you think are sharing that data with others.

“This information is all collected and stored by a third party,” Lynch says, “and once the third party has the data, as the user you don’t have any control over it.”

Lynch is careful to say this is hardly a new problem. In fact, your phone’s been tracking you for as long as you’ve had a phone—and your data’s been all too accessible most of that time. “Law enforcement agencies send subpoenas to cell service providers and try to get access to this information,” she says, “which they collect just as a byproduct of offering service.” They don’t need a warrant, either. “And of course that information is incredibly revealing,” she says. Combine it with the other data we’re storing in the cloud, she says, and there’s little left to the imagination. “It reveals not just where you are, but what you’re thinking about, whether you’re at the doctor’s office, who you’re with.”

A 2010 Wall Street Journal report found that more than half of popular apps were storing and sharing your information, sometimes to many sources at once. More recently, a Carnegie Mellon University study found users’ locations were captured hundreds of times a day, as many as 5,000 times in two weeks. Personally, I have an ESPN soccer app that asks for my location, vaguely threatening to withhold match highlights without it. SoundHound wants to know where I am so it can tell me exactly which coffee shop I was in when I first heard that new Earl Sweatshirt jam. Dropbox, too, for some reason that has to do with uploading photos and locations and other things that make no sense. Your location is valuable data, both to the app makers and to the people who pay them for it.

Regulators and consumers are starting to make noise about this, seeking a stricter standard for collecting and sharing your data. In a few states, law enforcement must now have a warrant to access your phone’s location data. But the short version of the story is this: Your exact location is being recorded and stored. It’s happening frequently, and by many sources, including a bunch you wouldn’t expect. And there’s almost no way for you to know what happens next.

So do we fry the GPS chip, turn off Location Services, and give up on some of the coolest, most personal tech currently available? Probably not. After all, it never stopped us from buying phones in the first place. And it’s allowing us to develop more intimate relationships with our tech. But just as we’ve learned to be careful about where we store photos, and where we share personal information, we’re going to need to start being more careful about who we trust to follow us wherever we go.

Game of Thrones Recap: A Wedding and Some Funerals

Spoilers for the third episode of Season 5 of Game of Thrones follow, obviously.

We’ve reached a fascinating point in the Game of Thrones television series: Not only is the show departing dramatically from the plot of George R. R. Martin’s books, but they’re starting to catch up to them, and even move beyond them. Throughout this season I’ll be dissecting the changes between the show and the books, and I’ll do my best not to spoil any important plot points. But remember: We’re entering thorny and uncharted territory here, where we won’t always know what a spoiler really is—or what the “real” story is.

This week, there’s a wedding, talk of more weddings, and plenty of deaths as power shifts in both King’s Landing and the North.

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Cersei and Margaery

The bells ring out over King’s Landing, as the day that Cersei dreaded finally arrives: the wedding of Tommen and Margaery. There’s a sick look on her face as she rides in her litter to the Sept, listening to the people cheer. Is she thinking about the prophecy of the beautiful young queen who will cast her down? By contrast, Margaery’s face is all triumph as she turns to the crowd after the ceremony. It only took three tries and two dead husbands, but she did it: She’s finally Queen. She wastes no time in consummating the marriage, and sweet, pliable young Tommen couldn’t be wrapped around her finger any tighter. “I think we’re going to be very happy, you and I,” she tells him as they lie in post-coital bliss. After marrying a gay man and sociopath, she’s finally got something to work with here.

But then, of course, the real work begins. “It’s so wonderful to have [Cersei] watching over you, a lioness guarding her cub,” she says, gently emasculating her child-husband. When he insists that he’s a man now, she chides him that so long as Cersei is in King’s Landing, “you’ll always be her baby boy.” Cut to Cersei and Tommen walking arm in arm down the ramparts of the castle, as Cersei takes her own turn throwing shade at her son’s new wife. “Do you think she’s intelligent?” she asks. “I can’t quite tell.” Tommen starts to ask whether Cersei wouldn’t be happier back in Casterly Rock, and Cersei isn’t having it—but she knows exactly who planted the idea.

Cersei goes to visit her new daughter-in-law, only to be greeted with more insults disguised as courtesies: “What’s the proper way to address you now, Queen Mother or Dowager Queen?” Margaery asks when her mother-in-law pays a visit, noting that thanks to Tommen’s sexual enthusiasm, “the Queen Mother will be a Queen Grandmother soon.” Margaery’s knives are palpably sharper now that she’s been crowned. She isn’t afraid anymore, perhaps isn’t even cautious.

The religious subplot continues as the High Septon—who is basically the Pope of the Faith of the Seven—gets interrupted in the middle of roleplay session at Littlefinger’s brothel involving prostitutes dressed as the Seven. It’s the Sparrows again, who drive him into the street naked shouting about blasphemy and beat him with sticks. By the time he makes his way back to the Small Council, he’s demanding that Cersei throw the Sparrows in the Black Cells and execute their leader.

Instead, Cersei goes to visit the High Sparrow herself, a humble man serving soup to the poor and walking barefoot. Instead of executing him, she tells him that she’s imprisoned the High Septon instead. Smiling a dangerous little smile, she says that the Faith and the Crown are the two pillars of society, and naturally they “must do everything necessary to protect one another.” Sounds like there might be a price for her sudden piety. I wonder what it could be?

In the books: Cersei gets super drunk at the wedding. Also, Margaery and Tommen don’t consummate the marriage because Tommen is about nine years old, though Margaery does endear herself to him in other ways, like giving him three kittens named Lady Whiskers, Boots, and (yup) Ser Pounce. Although little Tommen is never in a position to try and send Cersei anywhere, we learn via Ser Kevan that Tywin was planning to send her back to Casterly Rock before his untimely death.

There’s no indication that the High Septon engages in any type of sexual misconduct, and Cersei never imprisons him, though she does find her own way to remove him from power. Not only had he been appointed by Tyrion, but he heard Lancel’s confession about sleeping with Cersei, and it is implied that she orders him killed.

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Arya

Now an acolyte at the House of Black and White, Arya is tired of constantly sweeping floors, and wants to get to the cool shit. “You said you’d teach me how to be a Faceless Man!” she complains. Jaqen asks if he really needs to explain the whole “valar dohaeris” thing to her yet again. “All men must serve. Faceless Men most of all.”

He serves a supplicant a cup of water, and then the man quietly bows at the feet of a statute. There are icons of many gods within the House, both old and new: the Drowned God, the Lord of Light, a Heart Tree, and what I think are the Weeping Lady of Lys, the Lion of Night, and the Black Goat. But according to Jaqen, all gods are just facets of the Many-Faced God, the singular deity that claims dominion over all men. “A girl knows his name,” says Jaqen. “All men know his name.” Whatever god the characters of this show have claimed to serve, it is the one their actions have served the most. Arya watches as a man who drank a cup of water sprawls out dead on the floor, his eyes open and empty.

Later, a young girl comes in, and asks Arya who she is. When she says “no one,” the girl hits her with a stick. It escalates until Jaqen walks in, and says that Arya’s not ready to play “the game of faces.” When Arya insists that she is, Jaqen asks whose sword, whose clothes, whose silver she’s carrying. “How is it that ‘no one’ came to be surrounded by Arya Stark’s things?” And so Arya wraps them all up in heavy stones and throws them into the water—all but Needle, the last relic of her former life. In the end, she hides it in a pile of rocks. She still isn’t no one—not yet.

In the books: It is not Jaqen, but a priest known as “the kindly man” who trains Arya. The girl Arya meets is known in the books as “the waif,” a woman who looks like a child but is actually 36 years old. Rather than attacking each other, Arya and the waif teach each other their languages—the Common Tongue and Braavosi.

Sansa

Winterfell is a different place these days, festooned with the Bolton banners of the flayed man. Ramsay Bolton (er, Snow) has come back from tax-collecting with more flayed bodies, and his dad sighs, because what are you gonna do with kids these days? “We can’t hold the North with terror alone,” he lectures. They had a pact with Tywin, but he’s dead, and Lannister power is both on the decline and thousands of miles away. If the North turns on them—say, because they are constantly murdering people in terrible ways—they’ll be on their own. The best way to strengthen their hold on the North isn’t murder, but marriage. And Lord Bolton has found the perfect girl.

Smash cut to Sansa! Yes, Littlefinger is taking her back to her childhood home, which is currently occupied by the man who stabbed her brother to death, and a dangerous sociopath who castrated her foster brother and hunts women for sport. The plan is to marry her to Ramsay, allowing the Boltons to secure the North—and giving Littlefinger a Northern ally in whatever long game he’s currently playing. When Sansa arrives, all of House Bolton is waiting to greet her in Winterfell, in a sick subversion of the scene from the first episode of the show, when her family greeted the Baratheons. Even Ramsay is on his best behavior. Seriously though: It’s hard to believe Littlefinger would actually turn Sansa over to the one guy in the Seven Kingdoms who’s more sadistic than Joffrey and then just peace out.

Littlefinger gives Sansa a whole speech about how she’s been a passive bystander to the tragedies of her family, that it’s time to stop running and start taking control. Which is all well and good, but I’m not sure how being traded like a piece of chattel to the people who murdered your loved ones qualifies as taking control of your life? He does mention something about Sansa “avenging” her family, so maybe there’s a more insidious plan at work. Since this entire plotline is almost entirely new, who can say? Maybe Sansa poisons them all at her own wedding feast, and then her direwolf comes back from the dead and jumps through a window and lands by her side, and everyone cheers and high fives and crowns her Queen of the North as she dropkicks Ramsay’s head into a ditch. We’re off book here, people. Anything is possible.

In the books: Again, Sansa never leaves the Eyrie, at least so far. Instead, Lord Bolton marries Ramsay to a girl that they claim is Arya Stark—but is really Jeyne Poole, Sansa’s one-time best friend from Winterfell. The false Arya scheme is contrived by Littlefinger to help the Boltons, but with the full knowledge of the Lannisters, who seem pleased to help their Northern allies.

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Brienne

But Sansa and Littlefinger haven’t arrived in the North alone; Brienne and Pod watch them pass by Moat Cailin from a distant cliff, though Brienne isn’t worried about tracking them. “I know where they’re going.” After they make camp for the night, they end up trading origin stories: Pod was originally a squire to a knight during the War of Five Kings who got drunk and stole a ham, and split it with Pod. The knight was hung for theft, but Lord Tywin heard Pod’s family name—he’s related to Ser Ilyn Payne, the mute executioner—and sent him to squire for Tyrion instead. Pod tells Brienne he’s proud to squire for her too, that she’s the best fighter he’s ever seen. Softening a bit, Brienne agrees to finally start teaching him how to use a sword.

When he asks how she became part of Renly’s Kingsguard despite not being a knight, she tells the story of a ball her noble father once threw her as a girl in hopes of finding her a match. Instead, it became one of those stories of feminine humiliation that haunts girls for their entire lives, when the boys turn it into an elaborate prank on her. But when she tried to run away in shame, Renly took her in his arms and danced with her instead—and none of the other boys could say a word against the dashing young brother of the King. She says that he saved her from being a joke, but that she couldn’t save him—though she still plans to avenge him. She remembers the face she saw on the living shadow that killed him; she knows his name. “Stannis is a man, not a shadow,” says Brienne. “And a man can be killed.”

In the books: Brienne never finds Sansa, at least she hasn’t in the books so far, and has no reason to go North. Instead, she wanders around in the Riverlands, seemingly forever. Although Renly did show Brienne kindness at a dance in their youth, there was no unusually cruel game going on at the time. She does deal with her share of false suitors at other points, however, including an incident at a camp where the knights made a wager about who could take her virginity.

Tyrion

The road to Volantis grows tedious for Tyrion. “I can’t remember the last face I saw that wasn’t yours,” he tells Varys. Despite the price on Tyrion’s head—and the fact that he is very visually distinct—Varys tires of his complaints and agrees to let him wander on the streets of Volantis, where he encounters a red priestess speaking of a new savior anointed by the Lord of Light: “From the fire, she was reborn to remake the world.” Their next stop is a brothel, where they discover that the influence of the Dragon Queen extends not only to priests but also prostitutes, who are making a killing by cosplaying as Daenerys in brothels.

Tyrion introduces himself to a prostitute who seems jealous of the attention the cut-rate Khaleesi is getting, and charms her by insisting that queens aren’t all they’re cracked up to be. When the woman agrees to sleep with him, however, he finds that he simply … can’t. “Believe me, no one is more shocked than I am,” he laments. He leaves to take a piss into the sea, and quickly learns that his plan to be famous, drunk, and reckless in a huge city with a price on his head was not actually a very good one when Jorah Mormont sneaks up behind him and takes him captive. “I’m taking you to the Queen,” says the dishonored knight. I think we’re supposed to wonder whether he’s taking Tyrion to Cersei or Daenerys, but c’mon—have you met Jorah? He’s taking him to Daenerys.

In the books: Although Tyrion sets out for Volantis—with a whole other cast of characters I believe the show is cutting—he gets kidnapped by Jorah before they reach the city, in a town called Selhorys. Tyrion originally goes to the brothel there drunkenly looking for his lost love Tysha, although he has no problem having sex with the prostitutes.

gameofthrones15_49 Helen Sloan/HBO

Jon

After much consideration, Jon gives his answer to Stannis: Even though he spent his entire life dreaming about being Jon Stark, he can’t claim his father’s name and help Stannis retake Winterfell because of honor and vows and also honor. Basically, he can’t become a Stark because he is already Starking too hard. Stannis, who has started gazing at Jon like the son he never had, leaves with grudging respect, after warning Jon to deal with the Wildlings and ship his enemies at Castle Black off to distant, frozen places.

When he’s back with his men, Jon announces that someone needs to dig a latrine, and Allister Thorne braces himself for vengeance. Instead, someone else gets poop duty and the fair-minded Jon names him First Ranger instead. The loathsome Janos Slynt doesn’t fare quite so well; Jon decides to send him to Greyguard, one of the abandoned castles not currently garrisoned by the dwindling Night’s Watch.

Slynt—who once commanded the City Watch of King’s Landing and played a major role in putting Ned Stark’s head on a pike—does not react well to this, and tells Jon where he can stick his orders. What would Eddard Stark do? I think we know.

The new Lord Commander tells his men to take Janus outside. They bring out a chopping block, and at first Janus seems convinced that this is some sort of Scared Straight exercise, talking smack about his powerful friends and how he’s not afraid. But as Jon unsheathes his sword and things get realer, fear finally finds him. He says he was wrong, that he’s been afraid his whole life, and begs for mercy. Jon hesitates a moment—and then cuts off his head anyway. On a distant rampart, Stoic Stepdad Stannis nods approvingly.

In the books: Allister Thorne isn’t named First Ranger; instead, Jon sends him ranging beyond the Wall to get him out of his hair. Also, Jon originally orders that Slynt be hung, but then changes his mind and decides to dispense justice the Ned Stark way.

Capturing the Stars That Light Pollution Has Taken From Us

Roughly 5,000 stars are visible from Earth, but you’ve never seen most of them. If you live in a city, you may not see any of them. Filmmakers Gavin Heffernan and Hurun Mehmedinovic let us glimpse the wonders of space with their sweeping long-exposure photos and time-lapse videos that reveal the cosmos in all its glory.

Light pollution brightening the night sky in populated areas, or skyglow, is why urbanites often see nothing but darkness when they look up. Skyglow increases exponentially each year as the world’s metropolitan areas grow and grow and grow. Research has linked light pollution to everything from disrupted sleep patterns to the death of migratory birds. Although people may realize they see fewer and fewer stars, it’s rarely given much consideration. Mehmedinovic, who was born in Bosnia, remembers the first time he realized he hadn’t seen a star.

“When I came to the US and landed in Phoenix, it took me a while to realize I couldn’t see the stars at all,” he says. “It wasn’t until I started doing road trips across the country that I saw them, and had a flashback to early childhood.”

That loss inspired them to embark on a journey of rediscovery. They’ve been shooting the stars for several years now, but now they plan to travel throughout North America to chronicle the few “dark sky” regions left in our light-saturated world.

The Wave Vortex, Arizona.The Wave Vortex, Arizona. Harun Mehmedinovic

Making the photos requires infinite patience. They’ll space half a dozen or so cameras across several miles of terrain; each makes 25-second exposures repeatedly for two to four hours. The time-lapse videos are comprised of hundreds of these images; Heffernan says it takes around 450 photos to create 20 seconds of film. “You are creating video one frame at a time, almost like early animation,” he says.

The breathtaking photos show slivers of light streaking across the sky, bringing Van Gogh’s Starry Night to life. To promote their Kickstarter, Heffernan and Mehmedinovic created a trailer that shows what Los Angeles might look like without light pollution. The film is a painstaking composite of LA city streets set against photos of the night sky in places like the Grand Canyon. They were inspired in part by the work of French artist Thierry Cohen, who used a similar trick to create a series of photos showing what major cities might look like illuminated only by stars.

Two timelapse cameras capturing light pollution over downtown Los Angeles. Taken from Mount Wilson, Ca, 2015.Two timelapse cameras capturing light pollution over downtown Los Angeles. Taken from Mount Wilson, Ca, 2015. Gavin Heffernan & Harun Mehmedinovic

The filmmakers hope to publish a book and DVD that present their images alongside research on light pollution, astronomy and “the impact of stars on imagination, mythology and the sciences.” Though skyglow is pervasive, it’s not unsolvable. The artists argue that simply ensuring lights point downward and are properly shaded would improve things. They hope showcasing the wonder of the night sky will make people see what they’re missing and inspire them to do something about it.

“They say a picture is worth a thousand words,” says Mehmedinovic. “Simply shooting the stars is a form of activism because you don’t see them anymore.”

Heffernan and Mehmedinovic’s project Skyglow is currently seeking funding through Kickstarter, ending May 9th.

Broken Age Brings Back a Classic Feature: Unfair Puzzles

Broken Age resurrects all of the key features of classic 1990’s adventure games: Gorgeous artwork, a fascinating storyline, funny writing, and puzzles that don’t make any freaking sense.

We’ve been waiting a long time for this day. Back in February 2012, game developer Double Fine took a gamble and asked for the then-unheard-of sum of $400,000 via Kickstarter to make a small-scale point-and-click adventure game, something that the company’s fans had long begged for but that it felt was financially impossible to fund through traditional means. It raised $3.3 million.

The higher-than-expected funding caused the scope of Broken Age to balloon massively; going from a tiny iOS game to a full-on PC and console release starring Elijah Wood and featuring music from the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Surprising no one, Double Fine ran out of money, and began to sell the first half of the game via Steam Early Access about a year ago. This week, it finally drops Act 2, putting Broken Age back together.

When I played through the first act last year, I noted that it might have been considered a touch on the easy side, but that that would make sense, as the harder puzzles would logically come towards the back half of the game. This turns out to be the case. I was happy to find that some puzzles required a good deal of thought, and careful examination of everything around you. I was disappointed to find that a few of them were just plain unfair.

Note: Broken Age spoilers follow. I’m not going to mention the details of any specific puzzles but I am going to discuss specific situations that you’ll recognize as you play the game. Quite frankly I am going to say the things that I wish my past self had known before I started playing this game. But anyway you have been warned. Spoilers.

Broken Age has two protagonists, Vella and Shay. As you play the game’s first act (the half released in 2014), a rule emerges: Vella’s puzzles are solved within Vella’s environment, and Shay’s within his. You don’t need information from the other half of the game; you play through one entire Act, get to a distinct endpoint at which you no longer have control, then are asked to switch to the next character’s half.

Having set this expectation, Act 2 subverts it. That, per se, is a great idea. The problem with Broken Age‘s execution of it is that, depending on how you decide to approach the game, it never actually tells you, either directly or through any sort of indirect cluing, that this is the new rule.

In fact, it told me just the opposite. When I first reached a puzzle in Vella’s half that I could only solve with information gleaned through playing Shay’s story partway, not only did the game not clue this, it actually had Vella say something to the effect of, “I just know the information I need is somewhere in this room!”

In that particular case, the puzzle only had so many possible solutions, so I was actually able to brute-force my way through it with guessing. For many hours later, what I thought I’d encountered was a puzzle without enough clues.

BrokenAge1080p-010 Double Fine

One of the final puzzles in Vella’s section, again, required information from Shay’s half (buried deep, deep, deep in Shay’s half, it turned out later). I spent, let’s say, a very long time wandering through every room, meticulously trying to use every item in my inventory with everything else, clicking on everything again, desperate for some shred of information that was not forthcoming.

Eventually, I cheated: Double Fine had passed out a walkthrough with the review copies, and I looked at it. Finding out that I was basically spinning cycles because I wouldn’t be able to solve that puzzle without actually giving up on it, ditching Vella’s section and starting all over in Shay’s section, I felt pretty well and burned.

Now, the funny thing is, had I arbitrarily decided to start in Shay’s section, my experience might have been totally different. Because when you reach a point with Shay in which you need Vella’s information to solve a puzzle, he actually says “Gee, I would know what to do if I were on my ship.” He’s not on his spaceship at that point, but Vella is, and that’s your clue to start up her adventure at that point if you want to proceed. At that point, you should have inferred that the rules have been changed.

Your experience with the rest of Broken Age‘s puzzles may vary. I found some of the latter-game puzzles to be maddeningly difficult—but the clues are there. They might be incredibly subtle, but they exist for you to find, and it’s entirely possible that one person will spot them instantly while it might take another hours. And that’s fine. Some of the puzzles are arguably illogical—as in, it doesn’t make sense why that solution was necessary—but because you only have a few things to interact with, you were likely to eventually happen upon a combination that led you down the right path.

Double Fine did promise us an authentic 1990’s-style adventure game, and that’s precisely what it’s delivered, warts and all. In an age in which many point-and-click adventures tend towards not ever letting players get stuck, it is nice to see Broken Age sporting some legitimately challenging puzzles. It’s just disappointing that, at some crucial moments, it fails to give the player enough tools with which to solve them.